Plastic makes a deader sound, which is not the most favorable for jiuta. Instead of having a set tuning, such as on a guitar (i.e. Thus, the compound word shaku-hachi means "one shaku eight sun " (54.54 cm (21.47 in)), the standard length of a shakuhachi. Films in which it is featured prominently include: The Karate Kid parts II and III by Bill Conti, Legends of the Fall and Braveheart by James Horner, Jurassic Park and its sequels by John Williams and Don Davis, and The Last Samurai by Hans Zimmer and Memoirs of a Geisha by John Williams. [16] Five tone holes enable musicians to play the notes D-F-G-A-C-D. Cross (or fork) fingerings, half-covering tone holes, and meri/kari blowing cause pitch sharpening, referred to as intonation anomaly. The bamboo end-blown flute now known as the shakuhachi was developed in Japan in the 16th century and is called the fuke shakuhachi (). The average length was 33.6cm (13.2in), the outer diameter was 3cm (1.2in), and there were 5 finger holes 4 at the front, 1 at the back. Students often use nylon or 'tetron' strings, which last longer than silk, and are also less expensive. Shamisen for tsugaru style are generally futozao size (thick neck), but the instruments are also sometimes made as hosozao (thin neck) to accommodate smaller-sized players. The shamisens three strings are constructed of silk (traditionally) or nylon. Many people believe that for jiuta, there is not a great sound difference between the two, but there is a high change in vibration. The bachi used in jiuta can be as wide as 14cm. Shamisen The top and bottom openings of this frame are covered with taut membranes (kawa) of dog or cat skin that are glued to it (see first detail image, in which the backside membrane is shown). The shamisen is a Japanese instrument that was developed from earlier Chinese models, such as the sanxian, in the 17th century. It entered Japan via the Ryukyu Kingdom, or what is known in present times as Okinawa. It is played with a large plectrum; different types of plectrums produce distinct tone colours for specific types of music.

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