Semantic narrowing is a type of semantic changeby which the meaningof a word becomes less general or inclusive than its earlier meaning. The temporal meaning of the first two elevational demonstratives can be schematized as DOWN = BACK = PAST and UP = FRONT = FUTURE, and it is possible that the temporal meanings are, in fact, based on the front/back meanings. Languages with morphologically complex elevational demonstratives in which the elevational meaning is expressed by bound roots or affixes and regularly combines with demonstrative stems are Blagar, Tauya, Tanacross (Table 4), Koyukon, Andi (Table 5), Manambu (Table 8), Ngiyambaa (7), and Dyirbal (10). See Examples and Observations below. This can include a word becoming taboo, or being linked with a taboo within the culture. G. Senft (Canberra: Pacific Linguistics), 127137. One example of semantic change would be the word 'hound . Narrowing is a process where over time, a word's meaning becomes more specific. Second, elevational demonstratives only rarely refer to geomorphic landmarks and they do not make use of an absolute frame of reference comparable to cardinal directions. Casad, E. H. (1985). When semantic reclamation occurs the word does not lose its pejorative meaning. Other languages are Makalero, Bantawa, Baskeet, and Sougb. . Haude, K. (2006). These are: narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration, and semantic reclamation. This metaphorical correspondence is said to result from the fact that if human beings moved by crawling on the ground their head would be in front and their feet would come last. See also: From the Latin . Cognition 132, 342382. Metaphoric usage extensions, projections onto the horizontal plane and conventionalized uses can create problems for the correct categorization of elevational demonstratives as general or topographic because they might obscure the basic elevational meanings. This is because when used as slang, they gain a new, positive, meaning and are associated with the word, 'cool'. In their demonstrative systems, languages repeatedly combine elevation with distance. "Semantic Narrowing (Specialization)." However, in (22) the UP-demonstrative occurs together with the hearsay evidential, which means that the speaker has acquired her/his information from the speech of others. London: Croom Helm. The term semantics (from the Greek word for sign) was coined by French linguist Michel Bral (1832-1915), who is commonly regarded as a founder of modern semantics. Doctoral dissertation, University of Leiden, Leiden. H. I. Aronson (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press), 7993. LEXICAL SEMANTICS: Examples: 1. . The term spatial deixis refers to the localization of a figure relative to a ground (object) in terms of (radial) distance categories by means of language (e.g., here vs. there), or in combination with a pointing gesture (Levinson, 2003, p. 65). The term 'semantic shift' can also be used to refer to the changing meanings of words. 2461). Palmer, B., Lum, J. T. S., Schlossberg, J., and Gaby, A. R. (2017). A Grammar of Hup. Many of the languages have been identified through the works by Diessel (1999); Post (2011, 2017); Sarvasy (2014), and Breunesse (2019). Semantic Change: Definition, Causes & Examples | StudySmarter Most of the elevational demonstratives take further optional or obligatory derivational and/or inflectional suffixes (most commonly gender, number, case, nominalizers or adverbializers). van den Berg, R. (1997). This means that elevational demonstratives largely refer to areas outside the peripersonal sphere in a similar way as simple distal demonstratives. Is control really UP? For a detailed explication of the concept of frames of reference in spatial language and its three basic types, intrinsic, absolute and relative, see Levinson (2003, pp.

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