[4] Social anxiety is uniquely associated with this discrepancy. 10 (2011): 1254. If you complete the documentary because you want an A and know that if you fail your parents will not give you money for your spring break trip, then you are motivated by extrinsic factors. Thus, self-discrepancy theory proposes that peoples emotional vulnerabilities depend on the type of self-guide that motivates their lives: dejection/depression when ideals dominate and agitation/anxiety when oughts dominate. Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Specifically, discrepancies in the actual/ought domain from the own perspective, are the strongest predictor of procrastination. 2 To understand this theory, we have to understand the different "selves" that make up our self-concept, which are the actual, ideal, and ought selves. This actual self is compared with their self-guides, the kind of person they want or desire to be (e.g., going to a good college, having a good marriage). Whether praise is warranted or not is very subjective and specific to each person and context, but in general there have been questions raised about the potential negative effects of too much praise. Alice H. Eagly, Anne E. Beall, and Robert J. Sternberg (New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2004), 296327. The second-generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998). Self-discrepancy theory has had both a practical and a theoretical impact. [17], "Self-discrepancy: Long-term testretest reliability and testcriterion predictive validity", published in 2016, tested the long-term validity of self-discrepancy theory. Tangney, J.P., Niedenthal, P.M., Vowell, Covert M. and Hill, Barlow D., (1998). The more often a construct is activated, the more likely it will be used later on to understand social events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1313-1317. These discrepancies do not just create cognitive uneasethey also lead to emotional, behavioral, and communicative changes. Higgins measured how individuals experienced self-discrepancies by having individuals reminisce and remember about "negative events or personal self-guides, including hopes, goals, duties, and obligations, and measure what will help increase the kind of discomfort that the individual experiences. Inherent in self-verification is a desire to know the self, whereas inherent in our theory is a self-enhancement motive to reduce an undesired self-discrepancy. Culture also influences how we see ourselves. Ideally, people prefer to close the gap between their actual self and their ideal or ought beliefs. Moreover, consistent with the underlying logic of the theory, several studies have found that individuals with strong ideals are especially sensitive to events reflecting the absence or the presence of positive outcomes (gains and non-gains), whereas individuals with strong oughts are especially sensitive to events reflecting the presence or absence of negative outcomes (nonlosses and losses). In short, the heavier the character, the more negative the comments, and the thinner the character, the more positive the comments.

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